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There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.

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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...

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The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.

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Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

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Gender differences in students' disaster knowledge and needs: A case study from Klaten, Indonesia.

Ratih P Dewi¹, Wahyu Widiyatmoko¹, Yunus A Wibowo¹

¹Department of Geography Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surukarta, Indonesia.

Jamba (Potchefstroom, South Africa)

|September 12, 2025

Summary

This study found no significant difference in earthquake knowledge between male and female students. Student needs for disaster education include updated materials, better facilities, and engaging learning methods.

Keywords:

disaster education policy disaster needs earthquake gender knowledge

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Published on: December 9, 2022

Area of Science:

Disaster Risk Reduction
Educational Psychology
Earthquake Preparedness

Background:

Individual attributes like age and gender can influence disaster knowledge.
Effective disaster risk reduction capacity relies heavily on knowledge acquisition.
Understanding student characteristics is key to tailoring disaster education.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine if there are differences in earthquake disaster knowledge between male and female students.
To identify gender-based differences in student needs for disaster learning.
To inform inclusive and student-centered disaster education strategies.

Main Methods:

Quantitative comparative causal research design.
Data collected via questionnaires from elementary, junior high, and high school students in an earthquake-prone area.
Statistical analysis using t-tests and Mann-Whitney tests.

Main Results:

No statistically significant difference was found in earthquake disaster knowledge between male and female students.
Identified student needs for disaster learning: up-to-date materials, adequate facilities, varied methods, and engaging media.
Results highlight the need for inclusive, student-centered disaster education.

Conclusions:

Gender does not appear to be a determining factor in students' earthquake knowledge.
Disaster education programs should prioritize student-centered approaches, incorporating updated content, improved infrastructure, and dynamic teaching methodologies.
Tailoring learning experiences to student needs enhances engagement and effectiveness in disaster preparedness education.