Etiopathogenesis of Keratoconus: A Contemporary Overview

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Corneal Diseases
• Pathogenesis

Background:

• Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive corneal disorder causing visual impairment.
• Traditionally considered non-inflammatory, KC pathogenesis now involves chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and genetic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current literature on the multifactorial etiology and risk factors of keratoconus.
• To synthesize knowledge on environmental, lifestyle, genetic, and systemic contributors to KC.

Main Methods:

• Literature review conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases.
• Focus on studies investigating keratoconus etiology and associated risk factors.

Main Results:

• Key risk factors include eye rubbing, male sex, prolonged computer use, and occupational dust exposure.
• Environmental factors (UV, pollution), systemic conditions (autoimmune diseases), lifestyle (nutrition, sleep, stress), genetics, and microbiome imbalances contribute to KC.
• Dysregulation in corneal structure/repair and inflammation are implicated.

Conclusions:

• KC has a multifactorial etiology involving ocular, systemic, and environmental influences.
• Holistic management strategies addressing these factors are crucial.
• Future research should focus on personalized therapies targeting molecular pathways and public health measures for environmental risk mitigation.