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Related Concept Videos

Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

4.0K
The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

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Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
1.2K
Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
1.1K
Factors Affecting Body Temperature01:28

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

8.6K
As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may  include:
8.6K
Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

1.7K
Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
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Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

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Agreement between mean weighted skin temperature formulas during exercise.

Nathan E Bartman1,2, Nicole E Moyen3, Stephen S Cheung2

  • 1Hydration Exercise and Temperature Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|September 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found that the Ramanathan 4-site formula for mean weighted skin temperature (Tmws) is acceptable for cycling in moderate and warm conditions. Agreement between formulas was better in warmer environments.

Keywords:
Ramanathancyclingequationheat stressvalidity

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Physiology
  • Human Thermoregulation
  • Exercise Science

Background:

  • Multiple formulas exist for calculating mean weighted skin temperature (Tmws), but their agreement is poorly understood.
  • Accurate Tmws calculation is crucial for assessing thermoregulatory responses during exercise in different environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the agreement of five common Tmws formulas with a 12-site criterion formula (Hardy-DuBois 12-site, HDB12) during steady-state cycling exercise.
  • To evaluate Tmws formula agreement in moderate (20°C) and warm (30°C) environmental conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Ten trained male participants cycled at 55% of peak oxygen uptake for 60 minutes in 20°C and 30°C environments.
  • Tmws was calculated using HDB12, Hardy-Dubois 7-site (HDB7), Palmes/Park 6-site (PP6), Teichner 6-site (TEI6), Ramanathan 4-site (RAM4), and Burton 3-site (BTN3) formulas.
  • Agreement was assessed using mean bias, mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and limits of agreement (LOA).

Main Results:

  • All Tmws formulas showed better agreement with HDB12 in the warm (30°C) compared to the moderate (20°C) condition.
  • The Ramanathan 4-site (RAM4), Burton 3-site (BTN3), and Teichner 6-site (TEI6) formulas demonstrated the best performance.
  • The HDB7 formula consistently underestimated HDB12, particularly due to torso skin temperature deviations.

Conclusions:

  • The RAM4 formula is an acceptable alternative for calculating Tmws during cycling in 20°C and 30°C conditions when a 12-site formula is not feasible.
  • Formula agreement with the HDB12 criterion is enhanced in warmer environments during exercise.
  • This study supports the continued use of the RAM4 formula in research settings.