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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

Large-vessel vasculitis.

Patrice Cacoub¹, Matheus Vieira², Carol A Langford³

¹Sorbonne Universités, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, F-75013, Paris, France; Centre National de Référence Maladies Autoimmunes Systémiques Rares, Centre National de Référence Maladies Autoinflammatoires et Amylose Inflammatoire (CEREMAIA), Paris, France; Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DMU 3iD); CIC Biotherapy, INSERM 959, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.

Lancet (London, England)

|September 12, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Primary large-vessel vasculitis, including giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis, presents distinct forms and worldwide distribution. Advances in imaging aid diagnosis, but understanding vascular damage requires further research.

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Area of Science:

Rheumatology and Immunology
Cardiovascular Medicine
Vascular Biology

Background:

Primary large-vessel vasculitis comprises distinct conditions like giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis.
Isolated aortitis is increasingly recognized within this disease spectrum.
Takayasu arteritis shows worldwide epidemiological distribution, while giant cell arteritis has recognized cranial and large vessel phenotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the distinct entities within primary large-vessel vasculitis.
To highlight advancements in diagnosis and classification.
To discuss emerging therapies and the need for further research into vascular damage.

Main Methods:

Review of epidemiological studies on Takayasu arteritis.
Analysis of clinical phenotypes and outcomes in giant cell arteritis.
Assessment of advancements in vascular imaging for diagnosis and classification.

Main Results:

Giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis are key entities within primary large-vessel vasculitis.
Vascular imaging has improved disease diagnosis and classification.
Emerging targeted therapies aim for remission with reduced steroid use.

Conclusions:

Primary large-vessel vasculitis includes distinct entities with specific prognoses.
Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances, vascular damage remains a concern.
Further research is needed to understand the link between inflammation, vascular injury, and remodeling.