Associations Between Common Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis Treatments and All-Cause Mortality

Background: Osteoarthritis has a large and growing burden in an ageing population. Controversy exists in current management, particularly regarding opioid use due to increasing negative effects. Clinicians need guidance on the individual mortality associations for common osteoarthritis treatments when compared to a control. Aims: The aim is to undertake a structured narrative literature review comparing mortality associations for common osteoarthritis management options. Methods: A search strategy (Web of Science 23 September 2024) was performed to identify observational studies which reported all-cause mortality in a treatment group compared to a control. The control group could be either the general population or those with osteoarthritis who were treated with the following: NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), opioids, paracetamol, GLP-1 RAs (Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists), hip or knee arthroplasty, or exercise. Articles were screened by two authors, and each included article was assessed for adequate quality using the strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) framework. Results: Of 2362 studies retrieved, 39 cohort studies met the inclusion requirements. Exercise, compared to no or lower levels of exercise, had ten studies reporting substantially reduced all-cause mortality. GLP-1 RA agonists had two related studies showing all-cause mortality reduction up to 5 years. Mortality following joint arthroplasty followed a multi-phasic response. There was a short-term post-surgical increase in mortality. However, from 90 days post-surgery to 8-11 years, there were significant reductions in mortality. After 9-12 years post arthroplasty, mortality increased and became significantly higher. Opioids were associated with an increase in mortality in 6 out of 7 studies. Inconsistent trends were found for NSAIDs and paracetamol. Conclusions: Exercise and GLP-1 RA prescription are associated with reduced all-cause mortality. Arthroplasty was found to have survival benefit until 9-11 years post-operatively, whereafter mortality then increased. Opioids were found to consistently increase mortality when used for non-cancer pain at all time points. The other common osteoarthritis treatments assessed were not consistently associated with changes in mortality.