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Comparative Study on the Polysaccharide Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis and Hippophae gyantsensis
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Extraction of Ficus carica Polysaccharide by Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Three-Phase Partitioning

Qisen Sun1, Zhubin Song1, Fanghao Li1

  • 1SDU-ANU Joint Science College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A novel ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent system efficiently extracts Ficus carica polysaccharide (FCP). This sustainable method yields high FCP with significant antioxidant properties and recyclable solvents.

Keywords:
antioxidant activitybioactive polysaccharidesdeep eutectic solventsdodecanoic acidrecyclable extractantresponse surface methodologythree-phase partitioning

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Green Chemistry
  • Natural Product Extraction

Background:

  • Polysaccharides from Ficus carica possess potential bioactivities.
  • Traditional extraction methods often lack efficiency and sustainability.
  • Deep eutectic solvents (DES) offer a promising alternative for green extraction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize a sustainable ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent-based three-phase partitioning (UA-DES-TPP) system for Ficus carica polysaccharide (FCP) extraction.
  • To characterize the extracted FCP and evaluate its antioxidant activities.
  • To assess the recyclability of the DES system.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a hydrophobic DES from dodecanoic acid and octanoic acid.
  • Optimization of the UA-DES-TPP system using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM).
  • Structural characterization of FCP and evaluation of its antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, ferric reducing power).

Main Results:

  • Maximum FCP yield of 9.22 ± 0.20% achieved under optimized conditions.
  • FCP identified as a heteropolysaccharide with glucose and mannose, exhibiting a loose fibrous network.
  • Significant concentration-dependent antioxidant activities demonstrated by FCP.
  • DES showed excellent recyclability over five cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The UA-DES-TPP system provides an efficient and sustainable method for FCP extraction.
  • The extracted FCP possesses notable antioxidant properties, suggesting potential applications.
  • The developed DES system is recyclable, enhancing its environmental and economic viability.