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Lattice Structures in Additive Manufacturing for Biomedical Applications: A Systematic Review.

Samuel Polo1, Amabel García-Domínguez1, Eva María Rubio1

  • 1Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Industrial Engineering School, National University of Distance Education (UNED), St/Juan Del Rosal 12, E28040 Madrid, Spain.

Polymers
|September 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This review examines additive manufacturing of lattice structures for biomedical uses, highlighting triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) for bone scaffolds. It identifies research gaps and future opportunities in this rapidly advancing field.

Keywords:
3D printingadditive manufacturingarchitected cellular materialsbiomaterialsbiomedical applicationslattice structuressystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Architected porous lattice structures show promise for enhancing mechanical compatibility, osseointegration, and personalized medicine.
  • Research is optimizing geometric features to mimic biological tissues, especially bone.
  • Additive Manufacturing (AM) enables complex geometries unachievable by conventional methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Systematically review current research on AM lattice structures for biomedical applications.
  • Identify common patterns, technological gaps, and future research opportunities.
  • Focus on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) for bone scaffolds.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology.
  • Tailored PRISMA by prioritizing technical databases and engineering-specific criteria.
  • Ensured methodological rigor and replicability in review phases.

Main Results:

  • Lattice structures are used for load-bearing implants (e.g., Selective Laser Melting - SLM) and tissue regeneration scaffolds (e.g., Fused Filament Fabrication - FFF, Direct Ink Writing - DIW).
  • Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) are a common pattern for bone scaffold design.
  • Significant interdisciplinary research highlights the potential of these structures.

Conclusions:

  • AM offers significant potential for creating advanced lattice structures in biomedicine.
  • Challenges remain in long-term in vivo validation, standardized testing (e.g., ISO standards), and clinical integration.
  • Further research is needed to address these challenges and fully realize the clinical potential.