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Related Concept Videos

Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

464
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
464
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

432
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
432
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

817
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
817
Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

462
Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
462
Water Cement Ratio01:28

Water Cement Ratio

1.1K
The water-cement ratio is pivotal in defining concrete's quality. This ratio, a balance between the weight of water and cement in the mix, shapes the concrete's strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors. As identified by Abrams’ law, less water in the mix equates to stronger concrete. However, water is essential not only for the chemical process of hydration but also for the concrete's workability and compaction. While hydration chemically binds water and...
1.1K
Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

301
This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
301

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Production and Analysis of Sporosarcina pasteurii Biocement Bricks Using Custom 3D-Printed Molds for Unconfined Compression Tests
05:38

Production and Analysis of Sporosarcina pasteurii Biocement Bricks Using Custom 3D-Printed Molds for Unconfined Compression Tests

Published on: March 7, 2025

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Rheological Optimization of 3D-Printed Cementitious Materials Using Response Surface Methodology.

Chenfei Wang1,2,3,4, Junyin Lian1,2, Yunhui Fang5

  • 1College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Response surface methodology (RSM) optimized additives for 3D-printed cementitious materials, enhancing printability. The optimized mix achieved excellent flowability and dynamic yield stress, validating RSM for printable concrete design.

Keywords:
3D-printed cementitious materialsadmixturesflowabilitymixture design approachrheological properties

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • 3D-printed cementitious materials require precise admixture proportions for optimal performance.
  • Printability is a critical factor influenced by material rheology and additive interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize admixture proportions in 3D-printed cementitious materials using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
  • To enhance the printability of cementitious composites through controlled rheological properties.

Main Methods:

  • Employed Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken central composite design.
  • Evaluated the effects of an accelerator, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) on flowability and dynamic yield stress.
  • Developed a mathematical model to predict and optimize admixture proportions.

Main Results:

  • The optimized formulation (0.32% accelerator, 0.24% HPMC, 0.23% PCE) achieved a flowability of 147.5 mm and dynamic yield stress of 711 Pa.
  • Experimental results closely matched the predicted values from the RSM model.
  • The optimized mix design successfully met the printability requirements for 3D printing.

Conclusions:

  • RSM is an effective approach for designing printable cementitious composites.
  • Established an RSM-based optimization framework for mix proportion design in 3DPC.
  • The findings provide a mechanistic framework for rational 3DPC mixture design, integrating theory and practice in additive construction.