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Standing Waves in a Cavity

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

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mm-Wave Substrate-Integrated Fabry-Perot/Leaky-Wave Antennas in E-Band.

Rana Muhammad Hasan Bilal¹, Stefano Moscato², Simone Genovesi¹

¹Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a low-cost, substrate-integrated E-band antenna for millimeter-wave applications. The novel design achieves high gain without an air cavity, simplifying integration with printed circuit boards.

Keywords:

E-band Fabry–Perot PRS high gain leaky-wave mm-wave

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Area of Science:

Electromagnetics and Wave Propagation
Antenna Theory and Design
Microwave Engineering

Background:

Conventional Fabry-Perot (FP)/leaky-wave (LW) antennas often rely on air cavities, limiting their integration with planar circuits and printed circuit boards (PCBs).
Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications demand high-gain, low-profile antennas that are cost-effective and easily integrated.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel substrate-integrated, low-cost, and low-profile E-band high-gain Fabry-Perot (FP)/leaky-wave (LW) antenna.
To enable full integration of a high-gain antenna within a single-layer substrate for mm-wave applications.

Main Methods:

The antenna utilizes a partially reflective surface (PRS) on a low-cost I-Tera MT40 dielectric substrate, eliminating the need for an air cavity.
Excitation is achieved via a WR12 waveguide, with impedance matching using a rectangular iris.
Leaky wave analysis within the cavity is performed using the Transverse Resonance Method (TRM).

Main Results:

The proposed FP antenna achieves a maximum realized gain of 14.6 dBi.
Excellent impedance matching is demonstrated with a reflection coefficient (|S11|) of -14 dB.
The antenna was successfully fabricated and its performance validated through experimental measurements.

Conclusions:

The developed substrate-integrated FP/LW antenna offers a viable solution for high-gain mm-wave applications.
The low-cost, low-profile, and PCB-compatible design overcomes limitations of traditional air-cavity antennas.
This design facilitates easier integration into various electronic systems operating at E-band frequencies.