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Real-Time Paddle Stroke Classification and Wireless Monitoring in Open Water Using Wearable Inertial Nodes.

Vladut-Alexandru Dobra¹, Ionut-Marian Dobra¹, Silviu Folea¹

¹Faculty of Automatic Control and Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 13, 2025

Summary

This study developed a low-cost wearable system for classifying paddle strokes in open water using ESP32 sensors and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). The system achieved over 80% accuracy, demonstrating feasibility for real-time water sports motion tracking.

Keywords:

ESP-NOW ESP32 MPU6050 dynamic time warping gesture recognition human motion analysis open-water sensing paddle stroke classification real-time feedback wearable sensors

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Area of Science:

Wearable technology
Biomechanical analysis
Open-water sports monitoring

Background:

Existing methods for water sports analysis often lack real-time, in-situ capabilities.
Previous research established foundational work in controlled aquatic and dryland environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a low-cost, wearable system for real-time monitoring and classification of paddle strokes in open-water settings.
To assess the performance of ESP-NOW communication for data transmission in natural aquatic environments.

Main Methods:

Utilized ESP32-based embedded nodes with MPU6050 accelerometer-gyroscope sensors.
Implemented Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) for paddle stroke gesture classification (left vs. right).
Employed ESP-NOW protocol for master-slave wireless communication and tested its range in a lake environment.

Main Results:

Achieved over 80% accuracy in paddle stroke classification.
Demonstrated reliable ESP-NOW communication exceeding 100 m with minimal packet loss.
System provided over 3 hours of operational battery life.

Conclusions:

The developed wearable system is feasible for real-time motion tracking in open-water sports.
ESP-NOW is suitable for low-latency data transfer in aquatic environments.
Potential applications include kayaking, rowing, and aquatic training systems.