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The general state of stress within a material can be accurately depicted using a stress tensor. This tensor encapsulates the internal forces distributed within a material subjected to external forces or deformations.
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Generalized Spin-Curl Force Beyond the Stress Tensor.

Tongtong Zhu1, Guodong Zhu1, Chuang Li2

  • 1School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.

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|September 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a new optical force, the generalized spin-curl force, applicable to complex objects beyond the dipole approximation. This force, arising from Minkowski force density, offers new sensing and manipulation capabilities in nanophotonics.

Keywords:
optical forceoptical manipulationoptical sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Optics
  • Nanophotonics
  • Electromagnetism

Background:

  • Optical forces are crucial for manipulating micro- and nanoscale objects.
  • Conventional optical forces are derived from Maxwell's stress tensor under the dipole approximation.
  • Existing models do not fully account for forces in complex media or beyond the dipole approximation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize a novel optical force beyond the dipole approximation.
  • To investigate the origins and properties of this generalized spin-curl force.
  • To explore its implications for optical momentum transfer and sensing applications.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of the generalized spin-curl force from Minkowski force density.
  • Analysis of the force's dependence on material properties (permittivity, permeability, chirality).
  • Investigation of its cancellation in conventional Maxwell's stress tensor surface integration.

Main Results:

  • Identification of the generalized spin-curl force for arbitrary objects, extending beyond the dipole approximation.
  • The force depends on the imaginary parts of permittivity, permeability, and chirality.
  • This force is typically imperceptible due to surface force cancellation.

Conclusions:

  • The generalized spin-curl force provides new insights into optical momentum transfer and internal forces in complex media.
  • It presents a novel mechanism for highly sensitive optical sensors, particularly for absorptive or chiral perturbations.
  • This force opens new avenues for nanoscale optical force probes and chirality-selective sensing.