Advances in Genomics and Postgenomics in Poultry Science: Current Achievements and Future Directions

Area of Science:

• Poultry Science
• Genomics
• Transcriptomics

Background:

• The poultry industry relies on efficient hybrid chicken breeds (Gallus gallus domesticus) for affordable protein.
• Continuous genetic selection is crucial for improving performance traits and maintaining industry competitiveness.
• Genomic studies are vital for identifying genetic variants linked to economically important traits and ensuring population health.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advances in chicken genomic and transcriptomic research.
• To focus on traits enhancing meat breed performance and reproductive abilities.
• To highlight novel techniques like CRISPR/Cas for targeted genome modification.

Main Methods:

• Next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (INDELs).
• Analysis of genomic regions associated with selection traits in broiler and laying hen lines.
• Transcriptome studies to reveal regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways.
• Metagenome studies for disease resistance and climate adaptation.
• Review of CRISPR/Cas genomic editing techniques.

Main Results:

• NGS has enabled the detection of genome-wide regions associated with selection traits.
• Studies have pinpointed specific genomic regions linked to performance in different chicken lines.
• Transcriptome data reveals key pathways involved in artificial molting.
• Metagenome studies provide insights into disease resistance and adaptation.
• CRISPR/Cas editing offers precise genome modification capabilities.

Conclusions:

• Genomic and transcriptomic research significantly contributes to improving chicken breeding programs.
• Understanding genetic regulation enhances meat production and reproductive efficiency.
• Advanced genomic tools like CRISPR/Cas hold promise for future poultry genetic improvement and health management.