Helminth extracellular vesicles: Roles in and beyond host-parasite communication.

Area of Science:

• Parasitology
• Cell Biology
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Parasitic worms (helminths) release extracellular vesicles (EVs) as excretory/secretory products.
• Helminth EVs are nanosized, membrane-surrounded structures containing biomolecules involved in intercellular communication.
• The study of helminth EVs has grown substantially since 2012, revealing their importance in host-parasite interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review key literature on helminth EVs.
• To identify knowledge gaps concerning EV biogenesis, composition, and host interactions.
• To discuss the theranostic potential of helminth EVs for helminth infections.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of milestone studies on helminth EVs.
• Analysis of research on EV biogenesis, composition, and host interactions.
• Evaluation of current perspectives on EV applications in helminthiasis theranostics.

Main Results:

• Helminth EVs are crucial mediators of communication in host-parasite systems.
• Significant research has elucidated the roles of helminth EVs in host-parasite interactions.
• Knowledge gaps persist regarding the detailed biogenesis, composition, and host interaction mechanisms of helminth EVs.

Conclusions:

• Helminth EVs hold promise as theranostic tools for human and livestock helminthiases.
• Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps and overcome challenges in translating EV research into clinical applications.
• Developing EV-based tools requires a deeper understanding of their fundamental biology and interaction dynamics.