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Signal Perception in Two-Dimensional Mapping Techniques: Just Noticeable Difference as a Visual Limit of Detection.

Filip Cernatič1, Lukas Brunnbauer2, Kristina Mervič3

  • 1Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.

Analytical Chemistry
|September 15, 2025
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Summary

The Just-Noticeable Difference (JND) offers a new way to assess detection limits in 2D chemical imaging, improving sensitivity for spatially resolved signals compared to the standard limit of detection (LOD). This psychophysics-inspired method enhances elemental concentration analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Chemical Imaging
  • Instrumental Methods

Background:

  • The limit of detection (LOD) is a standard metric for instrumental performance, often calculated as three times the standard deviation of the blank.
  • In 2D elemental imaging and mapping, signals below the LOD can still be visually detected, posing a challenge for accurate analysis.
  • Existing methods may not fully utilize the visual information present in 2D datasets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the Just-Noticeable Difference (JND), a concept from psychophysics, as a novel figure of merit for 2D chemical data analysis.
  • To propose JND as an alternative to the traditional LOD for assessing detection limits in elemental imaging and mapping.
  • To enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of elemental concentration assessments in spatially resolved datasets.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the theory of psychophysics to define and apply the Just-Noticeable Difference (JND) to 2D chemical data.
  • Applying the JND approach to elemental mapping techniques, specifically Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS).
  • Comparing the performance of the JND metric against the standard LOD metric for analyzing low-contrast signals and spatial information.

Main Results:

  • The JND approach demonstrates enhanced sensitivity for detecting spatially resolved signals across various sizes and noise levels in 2D datasets.
  • The JND metric provides an alternative to the LOD, potentially leading to more accurate assessments of elemental concentrations.
  • The study highlights the improved utilization of contrast variations and spatial information inherent in mapping techniques when using JND.

Conclusions:

  • The Just-Noticeable Difference (JND) offers a promising alternative to the traditional LOD for 2D chemical data analysis, particularly in elemental imaging and mapping.
  • Implementing JND can lead to more accurate elemental concentration measurements and better exploitation of spatial data.
  • This psychophysics-inspired approach advances the characterization of instrumental performance in complex chemical datasets.