Evolving tumor microenvironment: Driving cancer initiation and progression in cardiovascular diseases

With an increasing aging population worldwide, the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer have significantly risen, and there is a dynamic and complicated relationship between CVD and cancer. Epidemiological data have clearly indicated that CVD can significantly increase the incidence and mortality of cancer. In this review, we outline the common risk factors for CVD and cancer, and from the perspective of "reverse cardio-oncology," we focus on the potential mechanisms by which CVD promotes cancer development by remodeling the tumor microenvironment. We present new insights and perspectives on future research directions for the field of reverse cardio-oncology, with the ultimate goal of facilitating the development of therapeutic agents that will tailor individual treatment according to the patient's profile when multiple conditions exist.