Solid-State Nanopore Single-Molecule Capture: Advances and Challenges

Solid-state nanopore technology has emerged as a transformative tool for single-molecule detection, facilitating label-free, and real-time analysis of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, and proteins. Understanding the capture mechanism and dynamic processes involved in biomolecule capture and translocation through solid-state nanopores is crucial for advancing fundamental research in life sciences and clinical applications. This review focuses on the factors that affect the single-molecule capture efficiency of solid-state nanopores, highlighting significant progress in enhancing this efficiency. Advanced approaches are explored for fabricating high-precision, structurally robust nanopores, along with strategies for enhancing capture efficiency through nanopore functionalization and modulation of driving mechanisms. Moreover, this review discusses state-of-the-art single-molecule nanopore capture validation with translocation monitoring techniques, addressing existing challenges in the field. Finally, prospective directions are outlined for improving the performance and scalability of nanopore capture efficiency, emphasizing the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration to drive further innovation in solid-state nanopore technology. By addressing both advances and challenges, this review aims to provide insights into the preferred technique for enhancing nanopore capture efficiency, thereby advancing fundamental research in life sciences and improving clinical diagnostics applications.