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Cardiovascular Metrics in Hospitalized Male Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Meenaxi Sharda1, Nisa Susan Thomas2, Yogesh Kumar Bareth3
1Senior Professor, Department of General Medicine, Government Medical College, Kota, Rajasthan, India.
Insights
Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have poorer cardiovascular health (CVH) based on Life's Simple 7 (LS7) metrics. Managing modifiable risk factors like smoking and hypertension is crucial for reducing ACS incidence.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Public Health
- Preventive Medicine
Background:
- Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading global cause of mortality, particularly in India.
- Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) encompasses unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI, all manifestations of CAD.
- Life's Simple 7 (LS7) metrics were introduced by the AHA to promote cardiovascular health (CVH) through lifestyle changes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the prevalence and distribution of LS7 metrics in hospitalized male patients with ACS.
- To compare LS7 metrics between male ACS patients and healthy male individuals.
- To identify key modifiable risk factors contributing to ACS in the studied population.
Main Methods:
- An observational case-control study involving 50 male ACS cases and 100 male controls (aged 21-50).
- Life's Simple 7 (LS7) score calculated based on blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol, BMI, diet, physical activity, and smoking.
- Data analyzed using SPSS with Chi-square, ANOVA, odds ratios, and relative risk calculations.
Main Results:
- ACS cases exhibited a lower mean LS7 score (7.68) compared to controls (9.39), indicating poorer CVH.
- Significant contributors to ACS included hypertension (OR 2.2), diabetes (OR 1.94), and dyslipidemia (OR 1.94).
- High prevalence of smoking (96%, OR 12.77) and suboptimal BMI (48% ideal, OR 2.5) were observed in ACS cases.
Conclusions:
- ACS patients demonstrated suboptimal cardiovascular health metrics compared to controls.
- The study underscores the importance of healthy lifestyles in preventing ACS.
- Managing modifiable risk factors is critical for improving CVH and reducing ACS incidence.
Background:
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality globally, with a pronounced impact in India. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), which includes unstable angina (UA), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), is a manifestation of CAD. In 2010, the American Heart Association (AHA) introduced Life's Simple 7 (LS7) to improve cardiovascular health (CVH) by emphasizing disease prevention and lifestyle changes. This study aims to find the prevalence and distribution of LS7 metrics in hospitalized male patients with ACS compared to healthy individuals.
Methods:
An observational case-control study was conducted at Government Medical College, Kota, between December 2022 and 2023, involving 50 male cases of ACS and 100 male controls, in the age-group 21-50. The Life's Simple 7 score was calculated by recording blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), diet, physical activity, and smoking/tobacco use. Scores were categorized into three groups, with 10-14 having ideal CVH, 5-9 as intermediate, and 0-4 as poor. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0, employing Chi-square, ANOVA, and calculating odds ratios and relative risk.
Observations:
In this study, ACS cases had a mean LS7 score of 7.68, lower than the control group's 9.39, showing poorer CVH. High prevalence rates of hypertension (28%), diabetes (12%), and dyslipidemia (4%) were significant contributors to ACS, with odds ratios of 2.2, 1.94, and 1.94, respectively, and relative risks of 1.67, 1.83, and 1.83. Smoking was highly prevalent among ACS cases (96%), with an odds ratio of 12.77 and a relative risk of 1.47. Ideal BMI was present in only 48% of cases, with an odds ratio of 2.5 and a relative risk of 2.29. STEMI (78%) was prevalent among ACS cases, with single-vessel disease most common in angiographic findings.
Conclusion:
The ACS cases studied had suboptimal CVH metrics compared to controls. These findings highlight the critical role of healthy lifestyles and managing modifiable risk factors in reducing ACS incidence and improving CVH outcomes.
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