Chronic Myeloid Leukemia - A Review of Current Status

Area of Science:

• Hematology
• Oncology
• Genetics

Background:

• Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome, a result of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene.
• CML incidence is 1-2 cases per 100,000, with diagnosis confirmed by detecting the Philadelphia chromosome.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).
• To highlight the impact of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on CML management and patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

• Review of scientific literature on CML, focusing on genetic drivers, disease phases, and therapeutic advancements.
• Analysis of the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT).

Main Results:

• The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene drives CML, with disease progression through chronic, accelerated, and blast phases.
• Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) significantly improve outcomes, particularly when initiated in the chronic phase.
• Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) offers an alternative for advanced or TKI-intolerant CML patients.

Conclusions:

• Targeted therapy with TKIs has transformed CML treatment, improving survival and quality of life.
• A subset of CML patients may achieve treatment-free remission (TFR) after sustained response to TKIs.
• SCT remains a viable option for specific CML patient populations.