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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Author Spotlight: Unlocking the Mysteries of Oral Potential Malignancies
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Lingual Foregut Duplication Cyst: A Cytologist's Viewpoint.

Shaad Vali1, Meeta Singh1, Deepika Rana1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, Delhi, India.

Journal of Cytology
|September 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Foregut duplication cysts, rare congenital tongue lesions, can be diagnosed using fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). This method helps distinguish them from other tongue swellings, improving diagnostic accuracy.

Keywords:
FNACduplication cystforegut

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Cytopathology

Background:

  • Foregut duplication cysts are uncommon congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract.
  • These cysts can manifest in various locations, including the tongue.
  • Diagnosis typically relies on imaging, with aspiration cytology being a less common but valuable tool.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings of a foregut duplication cyst in a pediatric patient.
  • To highlight the utility of FNAC in differentiating foregut duplication cysts from other tongue lesions.

Main Methods:

  • A case report of a seven-year-old girl with a dorsal tongue swelling.
  • Analysis of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings.

Main Results:

  • FNAC provided characteristic cytological features of a foregut duplication cyst.
  • The findings aided in differentiating the cyst from other potential tongue pathologies like dermoid cysts, lymphangiomas, or malignancies.

Conclusions:

  • Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an effective method for diagnosing foregut duplication cysts of the tongue.
  • FNAC plays a crucial role in the differential diagnosis of pediatric tongue swellings.