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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Applications Of NMR In Biology01:25

Applications Of NMR In Biology

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics  for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Magnetic bacteria exhibit a directed movement called magnetotaxis, driven by structures called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetic particles made of either magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) and are organized in a linear conformation by a protein scaffold within invaginations of the cell membrane. The bacteria align along the north–south magnetic field lines, much like a compass needle. They are typically microaerophilic or anaerobic...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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NMR of magnetically oriented microcrystals.

Ryosuke Kusumi1, Kazuyuki Takeda2, Tsunehisa Kimura3

  • 1Department of Forest Resource Chemistry, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan.

Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
|September 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) using magnetically oriented microcrystals enables single-crystal NMR analysis on polycrystalline materials. This technique characterizes electronic structure by determining chemical shift and electric-field gradient tensors.

Keywords:
Chemical shift tensorElectric field gradient tensorMicrocrystalsProbe developmentThree-dimensional magnetic orientation

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Characterizing electronic structure in materials is crucial for understanding their properties.
  • Growing large single crystals for analysis can be challenging for many materials.
  • Polycrystalline samples typically yield lower-resolution NMR spectra compared to single crystals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the methodology and applications of solid-state NMR using magnetically oriented microcrystals.
  • To demonstrate how 3D alignment of microcrystals enables single-crystal NMR experiments on polycrystalline samples.
  • To highlight the benefits for materials where large single crystal growth is difficult.

Main Methods:

  • Achieving 3D microcrystal orientation via a rotating magnetic field with amplitude or frequency modulation.
  • Experimental realization of spontaneous, unidirectional microcrystal alignment.
  • Application of these methods to 13C NMR and 14N NMR studies.

Main Results:

  • Magnetic alignment of microcrystals allows for NMR experiments virtually equivalent to single-crystal NMR.
  • Determination of chemical shift and electric-field gradient tensors for electronic structure characterization.
  • Demonstrated feasibility of single-crystal NMR on microcrystalline powders.

Conclusions:

  • Solid-state NMR of magnetically oriented microcrystals provides a powerful alternative to traditional single-crystal NMR.
  • This technique is particularly beneficial for materials science research where single crystal growth is limited.
  • The method offers high-resolution characterization of electronic structure from polycrystalline samples.