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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over...
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Pulsed contact glow discharge electrification for online material quantification.

K Hahn1, A Williams2, K Stapelmann1

  • 1Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, United States.

Talanta
|September 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Pulsed contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) offers real-time liquid analysis in extreme conditions. Discharge polarity controls plasma, enabling dual-mode sensing for elemental analysis in advanced reactors and molten salts.

Keywords:
CGDEIonic emissionLiquid dischargeMaterial quantificationMolten saltsPlasma emission spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Plasma Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Real-time elemental analysis of liquids in extreme environments is challenging for sensor development.
  • Plasma-based optical emission spectroscopy is a promising technique for such applications.
  • Advanced nuclear reactors and molten salt applications require robust elemental analysis methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate pulsed contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) as a plasma generation method for material quantification.
  • Examine the effect of discharge polarity on plasma behavior and spectral output.
  • Develop a model for plasma formation in pulsed-CGDE.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized aqueous NaCl solutions to study pulsed-CGDE.
  • Varied discharge polarity (cathodic vs. anodic) to observe effects on plasma.
  • Performed synchronized measurements of emission, current, bubble dynamics, and spectral output.
  • Developed a physical model for plasma formation.

Main Results:

  • Cathodic discharges produced more energetic plasmas, facilitating the detection of ionic species (e.g., cerium).
  • Anodic discharges favored atomic emission.
  • Demonstrated a dual-mode sensing capability controlled by circuit configuration.
  • Identified electron emission and ohmic heating as key drivers of plasma formation.

Conclusions:

  • Pulsed-CGDE offers a versatile and adaptable platform for elemental analysis in high-temperature liquids.
  • The dual-mode sensing capability simplifies hardware requirements.
  • The developed model enhances understanding of pulsed-CGDE plasma dynamics.
  • This technique shows potential for applications in advanced nuclear reactors and molten salt environments.