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Parenteral Nutrition (PN) delivers essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system. It is commonly used for individuals with severe digestive disorders or conditions that prevent normal nutrient absorption.
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Left heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the function and structure of the left side of the heart. It is generally performed to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as valve abnormalities, coronary artery disease, and congenital heart defects.Diagnostic and therapeutic purposesLeft heart catheterization serves various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Assessing coronary artery bypass grafts.Evaluating coronary artery disease in...
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During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...
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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

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Upper Extremity Access for Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Eli Reynolds1, Ivo Bernat2, Sunil V Rao3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, New York University Langone Health.

Interventional Cardiology Clinics
|September 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The radial artery approach significantly reduces bleeding and vascular issues compared to the femoral approach for ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients. This review highlights its benefits while noting potential reperfusion delays.

Keywords:
BleedingFemoral accessRadial accessST-segment elevation myocardial infarctionVascular complications

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Surgery
  • Interventional Cardiology

Background:

  • Radial access is increasingly favored over femoral access for percutaneous coronary interventions.
  • Numerous studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the radial approach.
  • Bleeding and vascular complications remain significant concerns in cardiovascular procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize evidence on radial versus femoral access in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
  • To emphasize the benefits of the radial approach in reducing complications and mortality.
  • To provide guidance on implementing transradial primary percutaneous coronary interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of observational and randomized studies.
  • Analysis of data comparing radial and femoral access.
  • Evaluation of outcomes including bleeding, vascular complications, and mortality.

Main Results:

  • Radial access consistently shows lower rates of bleeding and vascular complications compared to femoral access.
  • The radial approach is associated with reduced mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
  • Potential for increased time to reperfusion with radial access was noted.

Conclusions:

  • The radial approach is a superior strategy for reducing complications and mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
  • Implementation of transradial primary percutaneous coronary interventions requires careful consideration of workflow.
  • Further optimization of transradial techniques can mitigate potential delays in reperfusion.