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Measuring Abdominal Skin-Surface Distances Using Photos for Perforator Mapping Analysis-A Validation Study on

Fabian N Necker1,2,3, David J Cholok3, Marc J Fischer2

  • 1Digital Anatomy Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.

The International Journal of Medical Robotics + Computer Assisted Surgery : MRCAS
|September 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method for measuring skin-surface distances using smartphone photos and Photoshop. The technique achieves submillimeter accuracy, making it suitable for clinical applications.

Keywords:
3D‐printed DIEP‐flapsaccuracy validationperforator locationperforator mappingperspective‐corrected photographsskin‐surface measurements

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Imaging
  • Photogrammetry

Background:

  • Developing accurate methods for measuring skin-surface distances is crucial in various medical applications.
  • Traditional methods can be complex or require specialized equipment.
  • A novel, accessible approach using standard technology is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present and validate a novel method for measuring skin-surface distances.
  • To assess the accuracy of this method using smartphone photos and image editing software.
  • To demonstrate its utility on 3D-printed models and calibration grids.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing standard smartphone photography to capture images.
  • Employing Adobe Photoshop for distance measurements on calibration grids and 3D-printed DIEP-flap models.
  • Comparing measurements against ground-truth data and calculating margins of error using linear models.

Main Results:

  • Submillimeter accuracy achieved on dot-grid patterns (±0.45 mm at 80% probability, ±0.8 mm at 95% probability).
  • Accuracy on 3D-printed DIEP-models within ±1.75 mm (80% probability) and ±3.1 mm (95% probability).
  • Demonstrated preservation of topographic relationships in measurements.

Conclusions:

  • A simple, highly accurate technique for measuring skin-surface distances using standard photos is introduced.
  • The method offers submillimeter or low-millimeter errors, sufficient for clinical use.
  • This approach provides a practical and accessible tool for surface distance quantification.