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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Perinatal Exposure to Metal Mixtures Disrupts Neuronal Function and Behavior.

Naveen Chandra¹, Benyamin Karimi¹, Ankita Bhobe¹

¹Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|September 18, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Perinatal exposure to a mixture of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and chromium (PACC) impaired juvenile mice

Keywords:

Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Heavy metals Lead anxiety cognition developmental neurotoxicity mixtures

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Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Environmental Health
Developmental Toxicology

Background:

Environmental heavy metal exposure, including lead (Pb), arsenic (As), hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], and cadmium (Cd) (PACC), is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
These metals frequently co-occur, yet their combined impact on brain development is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the hypothesis that perinatal exposure to a mixture of environmentally relevant levels of Pb, As, Cd, and Cr(VI) induces developmental defects in cognition, behavior, and neuronal function.

Main Methods:

Female mice were exposed to single metals or the PACC mixture from preconception through weaning.
Cognitive and behavioral assessments included open field, novel object recognition, Y-maze, and elevated plus maze tests.
Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed on medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampal CA1 neurons.

Main Results:

Perinatal PACC mixture exposure increased anxiety-like behavior and impaired short-term memory.
Locomotion and working memory were not significantly affected.
Pyramidal neurons in the mPFC and hippocampal CA1 showed increased intrinsic excitability, with elevated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in mPFC neurons.

Conclusions:

Perinatal exposure to the PACC metal mixture disrupts neuronal function and behavior in juvenile mice, potentially leading to long-term neurodevelopmental issues.
Findings highlight the cognitive and behavioral consequences of combined heavy metal exposure.
Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying heavy metal-induced disruption of neuronal development.