Gaining Biological Insights Into Deltamethrin-Induced Toxicity and Resistance at the Molecular Level

Deltamethrin (DM), a type II pyrethroid, is one of the most widely used insecticides around the world. The link between diseases including obesity, neurodevelopmental disorders, liver fibrosis and DM treatment has been elucidated in organisms that exposed DM. Also, in aquatic organisms, hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, impaired cellular development, and decreased mobility could be related to DM treatment for pond cleaning and fending off arthropods causing diseases such as Caligidosis. Apart from that, DM resistance in target organisms has been a staggering issue due to the prevalence of DM-resistant insects, which make challenging to overcome vector-borne diseases, agricultural corps' yield, and economic loss in aquaculture. Using omics analysis in organisms exposed to DM, systems biology tools have provided a detailed understanding of the interactions among genes, proteins, metabolites, and microbiota at molecular level. This review underscores the mechanisms of how DM leads to toxicity in model and nontarget organisms, and how target organisms evolve from being susceptible to resistant as a molecular response. Overall, an in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanisms behind DM exposure will provide a comprehensive understanding of the DM application for its risk assessment.