Effects of functional task training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases was conducted up to January 2025. Randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of FTT on functional outcomes in adults aged ≥ 60 years were included. Data were extracted independently using predefined criteria focused on functional outcomes. Primary outcomes included the BBS, TUG, and 6-Minute Walk Test.

Twelve trials with a total of 491 participants were included. Compared to control interventions, FTT demonstrated significant improvements in BBS (SMD = 1.03; 95% CI [0.18, 1.89]; p = 0.02), TUG (SMD = 0.85; 95% CI [0.10, 1.60]; p = 0.03), and 6MWT (SMD = 0.49; 95% CI [0.07, 0.91]; p = 0.02). Within-group analyses showed consistent enhancements post-FTT in functional performance. Heterogeneity was high in BBS and TUG outcomes and low for 6MWT.

Functional Task Training appears to be an effective approach to improve balance, mobility, and endurance in older adults. However, the certainty of evidence is limited, and findings should be interpreted with caution. These results support the integration of FTT into geriatric rehabilitation programs, while underscoring the need for future high-quality trials with standardized protocols and comprehensive outcome reporting.