Characterization of Omics Components in Human Milk: A Systematic Review

The proteome, lipidome, glycome, and metabolome of human milk are critical for newborn nutrition and health, and offer personalised, non-pharmacological interventions. This systematic review aims to characterise the omics components of human milk according to maternal health and lactation phases, summarising current knowledge based on high-resolution analytical techniques.

We conducted a systematic review according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The search was performed between August and September 2022 using Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, LILACS, and Web of Science. Observational studies that analysed human milk at any lactation stage using mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance to characterise nutrients, biomolecules, or bioactive compounds were included. In total, 55 full-text articles were included in this study.

Glycomics is the most frequently studied omics, followed by proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics. Analyses revealed that maternal comorbidities and lactation phases influence the composition of human milk. Fucosylated HMOs showed a protective role against infectious diseases, while elevated levels of protease inhibitors were found in milk from allergic mothers and elevated immunoglobulins were present in milk from mothers with COVID-19. Endocannabinoid profile is associated with improved neonatal sucking ability, while fatty acid-derived metabolites are correlated with infant growth. Distinct omics patterns have also been identified in mothers with diabetes, hypothyroidism, and obesity.

Understanding the omics profile of human milk can guide precise nutrition and improve human milk substitutes. Further research integrating omics data with maternal and infant outcomes will be essential to advance knowledge and support infant health.