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$Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening$

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Development of a Bicycle Road Surface Roughness and Risk Assessment Method Using Smartphone Sensor Technology.

Dong-Youn Lee¹, Ho-Jun Yoo², Jae-Yong Lee³

¹Department of Road Transport, Korea Transport Institute, Sejong-si 30147, Republic of Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 19, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study quantifies bicycle lane roughness in Sejong City using smartphone accelerometers. Results show that a Bicycle Road Roughness Index (BRI) over 0.5 indicates unsafe conditions for cyclists.

Keywords:

bicycle road roughness index (BRI)faulting impact index (FII)smartphone sensor technology surface roughness

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Area of Science:

Urban transportation engineering
Pavement engineering
Cyclist safety analysis

Background:

Bicycle lanes are crucial for urban mobility, but their safety and comfort depend on surface quality.
Assessing bicycle lane roughness is vital for cyclist well-being and infrastructure maintenance.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify bicycle lane surface roughness in Sejong City, Republic of Korea.
To evaluate the effectiveness of accelerometer-based sensor technology for assessing road conditions.
To establish quantitative metrics for bicycle lane safety and maintenance planning.

Main Methods:

Utilized smartphone-mounted accelerometers to measure vertical, lateral, and longitudinal accelerations on five distinct bicycle lane sections.
Calculated the Bicycle Road Roughness Index (BRI) and Faulting Impact Index (FII) from collected sensor data.
Conducted field surveys in 2022 to gather data across varying pavement conditions.

Main Results:

Bicycle Road Roughness Index (BRI) values varied significantly, ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 across study sections.
Sections with a BRI exceeding 0.5 were identified as potentially unsafe for cyclists.
The Faulting Impact Index (FII) demonstrated a direct correlation between bump size, cycling speed, and impact forces experienced by cyclists.

Conclusions:

Smartphone accelerometers provide a reliable method for assessing bicycle lane roughness and cyclist impact.
Quantitative metrics like BRI and FII are essential for effective bicycle lane maintenance and safety management.
The proposed methodology can enhance the evaluation and management of urban bicycle lane infrastructure, improving cyclist safety and comfort.