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Development of a Multi-Sensor GNSS-IoT System for Precise Water Surface Elevation Measurement.

Jun Wang1, Matthew C Garthwaite2, Charles Wang1

  • 1Kurloo Technology Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD 4064, Australia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 19, 2025
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Summary

A new Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-Internet of Things (IoT) system precisely measures water surface elevation (WSE). This cost-effective technology offers autonomous, remote monitoring for reservoirs and aids satellite data validation.

Keywords:
SWOThydrologylow-cost GNSSsatellite validationwater surface elevation

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Area of Science:

  • Geodesy and Remote Sensing
  • Environmental Monitoring
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Real-time water surface elevation (WSE) monitoring is crucial for water resource management.
  • Traditional methods can be costly and labor-intensive, especially in remote areas.
  • Advancements in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing offer new possibilities for efficient monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a multi-sensor GNSS-IoT system for precise, autonomous WSE measurement.
  • To assess the system's accuracy and robustness in a real-world reservoir environment.
  • To explore the system's potential for validating satellite Earth observation data, such as from the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission.

Main Methods:

  • A multi-sensor system integrating GNSS, IoT, ultrasonic, and accelerometer sensors was deployed on a floating platform.
  • The system was operated for four months in Googong reservoir, Australia.
  • WSE data collected were compared against independent reference measurements from the reservoir operator.

Main Results:

  • The GNSS-IoT system achieved high accuracy, with 7 mm for 6-hour averaged solutions and 28 mm for epoch-by-epoch solutions.
  • The system demonstrated robust performance, exceeding 90% quality assurance standards, even under moderate gale conditions.
  • The results confirm the system's suitability for remote, autonomous WSE monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • Combining GNSS, IoT, and multiple sensors provides a cost-effective solution for long-term WSE monitoring in dynamic and remote aquatic environments.
  • The developed system shows significant potential for enhancing water resource management and validating satellite-derived hydrological data.
  • Future research will focus on optimizing accuracy and broadening the application scope to various aquatic settings.