Associations between daily dietary carbohydrate intake and TIR in adults with type 1 diabetes
Yunying Cai1, Xi Li2, Xin Xiong3
1The Endocrinology Department, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Type 1 Diabetes Alliance of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.
Objective:
To assess the association between daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake and glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
Methods:
Patients with T1D who received continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to manage their blood glucose levels were enrolled in the study. A dietitian analyzed dietary components, including carbohydrate, protein, and fat percentages in the total dietary intake. Mean individual daily CHO intake (MIDC) and relative deviation from MIDC (< 80% low; 81%-120% medium, >120% high CHO consumption) were compared with parameters of glycemic control assessed by CGM.
Results:
Records from 36 patients [11 male, 25 female; age 39.5 ± 13.9 years; HbA1c 9.0 ± 2.8% (75 ±31 mmol/mol)]. Provided 356 days of data for a total of 1,068 meals. Time in range (3.9-10 mmol/l) for low, medium, and high CHO consumption was 81.6 (70.96, 90.28)%, 74.65 (59.55, 84.9)%, and 64.58 (51.04, 77.78)%, respectively (P < 0.001). Time above range (>10 mmol/L) was 9.55 (1.39, 17.95)%, 10.42 (2.78, 27.43)%, and 27.08 (11.46, 47.92)%, respectively (P < 0.001). There was no between-group difference for time in hypoglycemia (< 3.9 mmol/L; P = 0.136). After adjusting for HbA1c, total calorie intake, and total daily insulin dose, carbohydrate intake was negatively correlated with achieving TIR ≥ 70%.
Conclusions:
Daily CHO intake was inversely associated with glycemic control in adults with T1D. A carbohydrate energy percentage between 40% and 50% and a relatively low daily carbohydrate intake may be a strategy to optimize glucose control in suboptimal-controlled T1D in real-world settings.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements


