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Method to Visualize and Analyze Membrane Interacting Proteins by Transmission Electron Microscopy
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TOR signaling on membranes.

Robbie Loewith1, Lucas Tafur2

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.

FEBS Letters
|September 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase regulates cell growth and metabolism. This review revises TOR complex structure and regulation, emphasizing the crucial role of lipid membranes in their function.

Keywords:
(m)TORC1(m)TORC2cryoEMlipid membraneperipheral membrane protein complexes

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is a crucial protein kinase.
  • TOR regulates fundamental cellular processes like growth and metabolism.
  • TOR functions through two distinct complexes: TORC1 and TORC2.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To revise the structural biology of TOR complexes.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing TOR regulation.
  • To highlight the indispensable role of lipid membranes in TOR complex function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing structural and mechanistic data.
  • Analysis of the interplay between TOR complexes and lipid membranes.
  • Integration of structural biology findings with regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • TORC1 and TORC2 regulate distinct downstream targets.
  • Both TORC1 and TORC2 complexes are activated and regulated on lipid membranes.
  • Lipid membranes are essential platforms for TOR complex assembly and activity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding TOR structure and membrane regulation is key to comprehending cell growth control.
  • Lipid membranes are not merely scaffolds but active participants in TOR signaling.
  • This perspective provides insights into the structural and regulatory basis of TOR function.