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Self-directed speech and attention deficit hyperactive disorder-like behaviours.

Ellie Benfield1, Geoff G Cole1

  • 1Centre for Brain Science, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.

British Journal of Psychology (London, England : 1953)
|September 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) traits talk to themselves more often. This self-directed speech, both inner and overt, is significantly more prevalent in individuals exhibiting ADHD behaviors.

Keywords:
ADHDcamouflaginginner speechself‐talking

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Background:

  • Socially inappropriate speech is a behavior linked to Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD).
  • Self-directed speech, encompassing inner dialogue, is hypothesized to be more common in adults with ADHD traits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of self-directed speech in adults exhibiting ADHD traits.
  • To determine if inner dialogue is significantly higher in individuals with ADHD characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted involving adult participants (N=198 per experiment).
  • Participants completed ADHD screening tools (ASRS-v1.1) alongside self-talk or inner speech questionnaires.
  • The study differentiated between overt and covert self-directed speech.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with ADHD traits reported significantly higher levels of self-directed speech compared to controls.
  • This finding held true for both overt (vocalized) and covert (internal) speech.
  • The increased self-talking was consistently observed across all three experimental cohorts.

Conclusions:

  • Self-talking, including inner dialogue, is more prevalent in individuals with higher levels of ADHD traits.
  • Self-directed speech may serve as a coping mechanism, such as a displacement activity or camouflage, for individuals with ADHD.
  • These findings highlight a potential behavioral characteristic associated with ADHD that warrants further investigation.