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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:16

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

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Pharmaceutical substances known as xenobiotics are predominantly lipophilic and nonionized. This enables them to permeate lipid bilayers, such as cell membranes, and interact with intracellular target receptors. Lipophilic drugs have an advantage in crossing biological barriers and reaching their intended sites of action. However, lipophilic drugs often have a restricted capacity for renal expulsion or elimination from the body. When these drugs enter the kidneys and undergo glomerular...
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Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:28

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

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Biotransformation, also known as drug metabolism, is a vital physiological process that chemically alters drugs, facilitating their elimination from the body and terminating their action. This process involves two main phases: phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, introduce or unmask polar functional groups on the drug molecule, thereby increasing its water solubility. By enhancing water solubility, the drug becomes more hydrophilic...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
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Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport

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Bilirubin: translational perspectives.

Libor Vítek1

  • 14th Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. vitek@cesnet.cz.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bilirubin, a heme breakdown product, exhibits significant bioactivity, offering protective effects against diseases. Recent research highlights its role in neonatal health and potential therapeutic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Bilirubin is the final product of heme catabolism.
  • Recent decades reveal extensive bioactivity of bilirubin in humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advances in bilirubin metabolism and its clinical implications.
  • To discuss the beneficial biological potential and functions of bilirubin.
  • To explore the pathophysiology of neonatal jaundice and phototherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent decades' research on bilirubin.
  • Analysis of studies on bilirubin metabolism, bioactivity, and clinical relevance.

Main Results:

  • Mildly elevated serum bilirubin concentrations show beneficial effects, potentially preventing or ameliorating diseases.
  • Bacterial bilirubin reductase in the gut impacts neonatal jaundice pathophysiology.
  • Understanding of neonatal jaundice phototherapy pathophysiology has improved.

Conclusions:

  • Bilirubin possesses significant beneficial biological potential with evolutionary and ontogenetic functions.
  • Physiological neonatal jaundice may play a protective role.
  • Further research into bilirubin metabolism and its clinical implications is warranted.