Current status of Brazilian mangroves: Their ecosystem services, conservation, restoration, microbial diversity and...

In this review, we discuss the status of Brazilian mangroves in light of the urgent need to conserve blue carbon ecosystems. We begin with a geographical overview of Brazil's mangrove distribution, highlighting that urbanization has been the primary driver of deforestation in the South and Southeast regions; areas that have seen substantial successful restoration efforts. In contrast, the Northern region, hosting approximately 80 % of Brazil's mangrove cover, remains mostly well-preserved due to great number of conservation units and limited human interference. Meanwhile, mangroves in the Northeast face unique challenges, including land-use changes caused by shrimp farming and pressures associated with the semi-arid climate. Brazilian mangroves have been legally protected since 2000. Nevertheless, threats from urban development and aquaculture persist. Community-driven restoration initiatives have been effective in rehabilitating deteriorated areas. However, pollution, especially from oil contamination and urban waste, continues to pose significant risks, with Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro serving as a case study for long-term restoration efforts. The carbon sequestration potential of mangroves is increasingly acknowledged as a vital component in climate change mitigation and is becoming a central focus of scientific research. Preserving genetic diversity and applying omics technologies are advised to help conservation strategies and policy-making. Furthermore, microbial biotechnologies are an emerging approach that offers innovative alternatives for restoring mangrove ecosystems. Despite ongoing challenges, Brazil's coastal communities, non-governmental organizations, and research institutions play a crucial role in mangrove conservation and restoration, helping to secure both ecological integrity and socioeconomic benefits for future generations.