Trained immunity modulators: A new frontier in immunoregulation and disease intervention

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Cellular Biology
• Metabolic Regulation

Background:

• Immunotherapy primarily targets the adaptive immune system.
• Innate immune cells can acquire memory-like properties, termed "trained immunity," through metabolic and epigenetic changes.
• Trained immunity enhances host defense but can also have detrimental effects.

Purpose of the Study:

• To elucidate the molecular mechanisms and dual roles of trained immunity in pathology.
• To summarize trained immunity inducers and suppressors identified in the last decade.
• To discuss therapeutic potential and future directions for trained immunity modulators.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent literature on trained immunity.
• Analysis of molecular mechanisms, including metabolic alterations and epigenetic reprogramming.
• Classification and summarization of various trained immunity modulators.

Main Results:

• Trained immunity involves sustained phenotypic modifications in innate immune cells.
• Modulators include vaccines, polysaccharides, nanobiologics, and endogenous mediators.
• Trained immunity has both beneficial and detrimental roles in various pathological conditions.

Conclusions:

• Trained immunity presents a promising frontier for novel immunotherapies.
• Further research is needed to overcome limitations of current modulators.
• Targeting trained immunity holds potential for treating immune-related diseases.