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Reference Lines and Angles of the Upper Arm
Viktor A Vilenskii1, Maxim A Baushev1, Leonid N Solomin2
1Department of Orthopedic, St. Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation.
Strategies in Trauma and Limb Reconstruction
|September 22, 2025
Summary
This study establishes standard reference lines and angles for the humerus, crucial for accurate surgical planning and evaluation of upper arm deformity correction. These new anatomical measurements enhance precision in orthopedic procedures.
Area of Science:
- Orthopedic surgery
- Anatomy
- Medical imaging
Background:
- Established reference values exist for femur and tibia deformities.
- Limited data on humerus reference lines and angles hinders comprehensive deformity correction planning.
Purpose of the Study:
- To establish standard values for the anatomical axis and angles of the humerus.
- To provide essential data for the frontal and sagittal planes of the upper arm.
Main Methods:
- Radiographic analysis of 36 healthy participants' upper arms (AP and lateral views).
- Inclusion criteria: adults without upper limb injuries, pain, or deformities.
- Measurements included joint intersections with the anatomical axis and specific humeral angles (aMPHA, aLDHA, aPPHA, aPDHA).
Main Results:
- Detailed intersection points of the anatomical axis with proximal and distal joint lines in both frontal and sagittal planes.
- Established reference angle values: aMPHA = 45.2° ± 5.0°, aLDHA = 78° ± 4.1°, aPPHA = 56.8° ± 8.8°, aPDHA = 16.4° ± 3.1°.
Conclusions:
- The study provides crucial reference data for humerus anatomical lines and angles.
- This data aids in accurate analysis, preoperative planning, and outcome evaluation for humeral deformities.
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