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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Dual-polarization interferometer using spin-orbit beams.

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a dual interferometer capable of Fizeau and spiral configurations. This innovation simplifies surface profiling by distinguishing peaks from valleys using spin-orbit beams.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical metrology
    • Interferometry
    • Wavefront analysis

    Background:

    • Accurate surface profiling is crucial in metrology.
    • Distinguishing between surface peaks and valleys (peak-valley degeneracy) presents a challenge in traditional interferometry.
    • Existing interferometric techniques may require complex setups or multiple measurements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel dual interferometer.
    • To demonstrate a method for lifting peak-valley degeneracy in surface profiling.
    • To enhance the ease and accuracy of surface metrology.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a dual interferometer switchable between Fizeau and spiral configurations.
    • Utilizing spin-orbit beams to achieve the dual functionality.
    • Employing polarization selection to control the interferometer's mode.
    • Demonstration using a lemon as a test object to analyze surface extrema.

    Main Results:

    • The dual interferometer successfully provides both Fizeau and spiral fringe patterns.
    • Phase and phase gradient distributions of the test wavefront are obtainable.
    • Peak-valley degeneracy is effectively lifted, simplifying surface profiling.
    • The interferometer's dual nature is demonstrated through polarization control.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed dual interferometer offers a simplified approach to surface profiling.
    • The ability to switch configurations and lift peak-valley degeneracy enhances metrological capabilities.
    • Spin-orbit beams provide a versatile tool for advanced interferometric applications.