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Encapsulation of Fibrinogen With Calcium Carbonate for Hemorrhage Control
Henry T Peng1, Tristan Bonnici1, Christian Kastrup2,3
1Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON M3K 2C9, Canada.
Military Medicine
|September 23, 2025
Summary
Researchers developed fibrinogen-encapsulated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles using three methods to improve hemostasis. The precipitation method showed the strongest hemostatic effect, while encapsulation particles exhibited superior self-propulsion for hemorrhage control.
Area of Science:
- Biomaterials Science
- Hemostatic Agents
- Nanotechnology
Background:
- Combat-related hemorrhage is a leading cause of preventable death.
- Existing hemostatic dressings utilize thrombin-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles and tranexamic acid.
- Incorporating fibrinogen enhances hemostatic efficacy.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize fibrinogen-encapsulated CaCO3 particles using three novel methods.
- To evaluate the hemostatic and self-propelling properties of these particles.
- To compare the efficacy of different preparation techniques.
Main Methods:
- Synthesized fibrinogen-CaCO3 particles via water-oil-water encapsulation, precipitation, and gas diffusion.
- Characterized particle morphology, fibrinogen distribution (using fluorescein isothiocyanate labeling), hemostatic effect (rotational thromboelastometry), and self-propulsion (video motion tracking).
- Investigated the influence of different carbonate sources and preparation conditions.
Main Results:
- Precipitation and encapsulation methods yielded spherical, micrometer-sized particles; gas diffusion produced irregular shapes.
- Fibrinogen encapsulation was confirmed in all methods; precipitation particles demonstrated the strongest hemostatic effect.
- All fibrinogen-containing particles exhibited self-propulsion; encapsulation particles showed faster response and higher propulsion speed.
Conclusions:
- Multiple techniques effectively produce fibrinogen-encapsulated CaCO3 particles with hemostatic and self-propelling capabilities.
- Preparation method significantly impacts particle properties and performance.
- Further formulation optimization is planned to enhance hemorrhage control properties.
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