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Related Concept Videos

Range00:59

Range

13.8K
The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...
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Differential Leveling01:12

Differential Leveling

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Differential leveling is a precise method in surveying used to determine the elevation difference between two points. Its primary goal is to establish accurate vertical measurements to create level surfaces or grade lines critical for designing and constructing infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings.The procedure for differential leveling begins with setting up and leveling the instrument at a point where the benchmark can be seen. The level rod is held on the benchmark (BM), and...
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Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves01:20

Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves

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Vertical curves are essential in roadway design because they provide smooth transitions between varying roadway grades. Designing vertical curves involves calculating intermediate elevations and identifying the curve's highest or lowest point, which is essential for optimal roadway performance.Intermediate elevations on a vertical curve are determined using the tangent offset method. This method considers the initial elevation at the start of the curve, the grades, and the curve's geometry. The...
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Introduction and Methods of Leveling01:26

Introduction and Methods of Leveling

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Leveling is a surveying procedure used to determine elevation differences between distant points. Elevation refers to the vertical distance above or below a reference datum, typically mean sea level (MSL). In the United States, elevations are often referenced to the mean sea level station at Father Point Rimouski along the St. Lawrence Seaway. To make the datum accessible, permanent markers are established throughout the region. These markers, called benchmarks, have known elevations. If the...
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Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

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During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
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Profile Leveling and Cross Sections01:26

Profile Leveling and Cross Sections

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Profile leveling and cross-sections are surveying methods used to determine and document terrain elevations for infrastructure projects such as highways, railroads, canals, and pipelines. These methods provide data for earthwork planning and alignment of proposed routes.  Profile leveling involves measuring elevations along a fixed line to create a vertical terrain profile. A surveyor sets up a leveling instrument at the benchmark (BM) and records a backsight (BS) to determine the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management
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What Is an Elevational Range?

Ethan B Linck

    The American Naturalist
    |September 23, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    Understanding elevational ranges is crucial for predicting species’ responses to climate change. This study reveals that how we measure these ranges significantly impacts our understanding of their dynamics and potential shifts.

    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Climate Change Biology
    • Biodiversity Science

    Background:

    • Elevational distributions are a key focus in ecology, especially concerning climate change impacts.
    • Previous research on upslope range shifts has produced inconsistent findings, suggesting methodological or conceptual variability.
    • Understanding the factors influencing elevational range patterns is essential for accurate ecological predictions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how ecological processes and researcher decisions influence observed elevational range patterns.
    • To highlight the importance of scale-dependency in understanding elevational distributions.
    • To propose a framework for studying elevational ranges and offer best practices for future research.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized community science data to analyze elevational range characteristics.
    Keywords:
    geographic rangenicherange limitsrange shiftsspecies distributionzonation

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  • Examined variation in species abundance within elevational ranges.
  • Assessed the dynamic nature of elevational ranges over short spatial and temporal scales.

    • Main Results:

    • Elevational ranges encompass significant variation in species abundance.
    • Elevational ranges are typically estimated rather than directly observed.
    • Elevational ranges exhibit dynamism across short distances and time intervals, impacting range shift inferences.

    Conclusions:

    • A scale-dependent framework is proposed for understanding elevational distributions.
    • Accurate quantification of elevational ranges requires matching research questions to appropriate spatial scales.
    • Best practices are outlined for studying elevational ranges, emphasizing methodological rigor and scale considerations.