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Early Onset Mycoplasma spp. Infection After Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review

Carlo Galdino Riva1, Roberto Cacciola2, Giulia Cusumano1

  • 1General Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.

Clinical Transplantation
|September 24, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Mycoplasma infections (MIs) are increasingly seen in kidney transplant (KT) recipients, leading to serious complications. This review highlights their epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment, emphasizing the need for further research in solid organ transplant patients.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Transplantation Immunology

Background:

  • Mycoplasma spp. infections (MIs) are rising in kidney transplant (KT) recipients.
  • These infections pose risks of severe complications and graft failure.
  • Limited data exists on the specific epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of MIs in KT patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the existing literature on Mycoplasma spp. infections following kidney transplantation.
  • To consolidate information on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies for MIs in KT recipients.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane databases.
  • Data from case reports, case series, and cohort studies published between 1970 and 2023 were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The review analyzed 30 episodes of MIs across various study types.
  • Infections primarily affected the surgical site (n=18) or urinary tract (n=6), often caused by Mycoplasma hominis (n=28).
  • Common symptoms included fever, abdominal pain, leukocytosis, and elevated CRP. Treatment involved tetracyclines or quinolones, but outcomes included graft loss (n=6) and deaths (n=2).

Conclusions:

  • Mycoplasma spp. infections represent a significant concern in kidney transplant recipients.
  • The findings underscore the need for increased awareness and further research into MIs within the broader context of solid organ transplantation.
Keywords:
MollicutesMycoplasmacomplicationsinfectionskidney transplantoutcomessystematic review

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