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Moses illusions, fast and slow.

Jérémie Beucler1, Aikaterini Voudouri1, Wim De Neys1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most people incorrectly answer "Moses" took animals on the Ark. Revised dual-process models show that semantic illusions, like the Moses Ark illusion, involve both correct and incorrect intuitions, even with minimal deliberation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Human Cognition

Background:

  • Semantic illusions, such as the 'Moses Ark illusion,' are common errors where individuals misattribute details (e.g., Moses instead of Noah).
  • Traditional dual-process theories suggest these errors stem from an intuitive, fast response that requires slow, deliberate correction.
  • These theories posit that individuals are insensitive to their errors unless they engage in effortful deliberation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cognitive processes underlying semantic illusions and challenge existing dual-process models.
  • To determine if error sensitivity and intuitive responses occur even when deliberation is minimized.
  • To explore the role of semantic relatedness in the generation and resolution of semantic illusions.

Main Methods:

  • A two-response paradigm was employed, requiring participants to provide an initial answer under cognitive load and time pressure, followed by a final, deliberated answer.
  • This method allowed for the isolation of the intuitive response preceding the final judgment.
  • Experiments manipulated semantic relatedness between incorrect and correct elements within the illusion.

Main Results:

  • Participants did not always require extensive deliberation to avoid semantic illusions; error sensitivity was evident even with minimal deliberation.
  • Incorrect responders consistently demonstrated error sensitivity, indicated by reduced confidence, even in initial, intuitive responses.
  • Both intuitive reasoning performance and error sensitivity were influenced by the semantic relatedness between the anomalous word (e.g., 'Moses') and the correct word (e.g., 'Noah').

Conclusions:

  • Existing dual-process models need revision, as semantic illusions are not solely driven by a lack of error sensitivity in intuitive responses.
  • A revised model is proposed where responses to semantic illusions result from an interplay between both incorrect and correct intuitions.
  • Semantic relatedness plays a crucial role in the initial intuitive processing and subsequent error detection in semantic illusions.