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Related Concept Videos

Solubility03:00

Solubility

20.9K
Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

2.5K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

5.5K
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
5.5K
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

36.7K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Methods for the Self-integration of Megamolecular Biopolymers on the Drying Air-LC Interface
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Methods for the Self-integration of Megamolecular Biopolymers on the Drying Air-LC Interface

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Process Development of a Model Solvate for Drying Research.

Nicholas H McCarthy1, Norah S Alsaiari1,2, Thomas Brown3

  • 1School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.

Organic Process Research & Development
|September 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel Schiff base solvate was developed for studying organic solvent drying challenges in pharmaceuticals. Controlled crystallization yielded larger crystals and a scalable process, offering a promising model for industrial drying applications.

Keywords:
crystallizationdesolvationdryinglollipopsolvate

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Crystallization Science
  • Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

Background:

  • Drying organic solvates presents challenges in scaling and understanding due to solvent removal difficulties and poor control over crystal properties.
  • These issues are critical in the pharmaceutical industry, demanding stringent quality standards for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a cost-effective Schiff base solvate, representative of APIs, for studying and optimizing the drying process.
  • To establish a scalable and high-yielding crystallization method for the model solvate.
  • To characterize the solvate's properties and its desolvation behavior for industrial drying applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a Schiff base from o-vanillin and para-aminobenzoic acid to form a methanol solvate.
  • Optimization of crystallization through seeding and controlled reagent addition to manage supersaturation.
  • Characterization of crystal morphology and polymorphs using Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD).
  • Development of a quantitative XRD method for assessing solvent content.

Main Results:

  • Successful scale-up of the crystallization process to 1 L scale, achieving 93% yield and high concentration.
  • Modification of crystal morphology, favoring growth over nucleation, resulting in larger, higher aspect ratio crystals (8 to 20).
  • Observation of a gradual transformation from solvated Schiff base to a distinct desolvated polymorph, quantifiable by XRD.
  • Identification of the compound as a promising model solvate due to its morphology, stability, and favorable desolvation temperature.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Schiff base solvate serves as an effective model system for studying industrially relevant drying processes.
  • The optimized crystallization strategy overcomes challenges in yield, concentration, and crystal properties.
  • The compound's characteristics make it suitable for investigating solvent removal and desolvation under controlled conditions.