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Human gut evolution: insights from stem cell models and single-cell genomics.

Rubén López-Sandoval¹, Stefano Secchia², Joep Beumer²

¹Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.

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|September 25, 2025

Summary

Human gastrointestinal (GI) tract evolution is explored using advanced models. New insights into human-specific gut changes are revealed through GI organoids and single-cell genomics, enhancing our understanding of GI physiology.

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Human physiology
Genomics

Background:

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has evolved unique functions in response to historical dietary and pathogen exposures.
GI epithelia act as a critical host-environment interface, developing specialized barrier, immune, and absorptive functions.
Understanding human GI tract evolution is crucial for comprehending human adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of human-specific adaptations in the GI tract.
To highlight the role of technological advancements in studying GI tract evolution.
To explain how GI organoids and single-cell genomics offer mechanistic insights into human GI physiology.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on GI tract evolution.
Application of in vitro human biology models, specifically GI organoids.
Utilization of comparative single-cell genomics.

Main Results:

Identification of key human-specific changes in the GI tract.
Demonstration of how advanced technologies elucidate evolutionary processes.
Mechanistic understanding of specialized GI tract functions.

Conclusions:

Technological breakthroughs are revolutionizing the study of human evolution.
GI organoids and single-cell genomics provide powerful tools for investigating GI tract physiology.
This research deepens our understanding of the genetic and cellular basis of human GI evolution.