Green and white analytical chemistry: Advances, comparisons, future perspectives, and a proposal for green financing...

White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) is the next iteration of sustainable analytical chemistry. WAC is an emerging concept that strengthens traditional Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) through the addition of criteria assessing performance and practical usability of analytical practices. GAC has largely concentrated on reducing negative environmental externalities, whereas WAC follows a holistic framework that integrates analytical accuracy, environmental sustainability, and practical aspects like cost and usability. These concepts are color coded within WAC following the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) model. Under this new framework, the green component incorporates traditional GAC metrics, the red component adds analytical performance, and the blue component considers economic aspects. This review describes the evolution of WAC, comparative discussion between WAC and GAC principles, the basic RGB model, and WAC's application to various analytical methods. We analyze WAC's aspects within the development of stability-indicating High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) methods for thiocolchicoside and aceclofenac. We further illustrate WAC's practical utility through the development of a green RP-HPLC method for azilsartan, medoxomil, chlorthalidone, and cilnidipine in human plasma, where a WAC-assisted AQbD strategy led to a validated, sustainable, and cost-effective procedure with an excellent white WAC score. We also examine how Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) and Design of Experiment (DoE) add to WAC's method optimization and introduce ComplexGAPI as a holistic metric for assessing WAC procedures. This paper conducts a NOISE (needs, opportunities, improvements, strengths, exceptions) analysis of WAC, emphasizing the change it brings to existing Green Analytical Chemistry methodology. Finally, it proposes Green Financing for Analytical Chemistry (GFAC), a dedicated funding model designed to promote innovations which are aligned to GAC and WAC goals and bridge the gaps in current practices.