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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Sites for measruring blood pressure01:21

Sites for measruring blood pressure

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Blood pressure measurement is a fundamental clinical procedure, providing crucial data for assessing cardiovascular health. Among the various sites for this measurement, the brachial and popliteal arteries are predominantly utilized due to their accessibility and the reliability of their readings. This lesson delves into the anatomical significance, methodology, and considerations of measuring blood pressure at these locations.
The Brachial Artery: Primary Site for Blood Pressure Measurement
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Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Surface Electromyographic Biofeedback as a Rehabilitation Tool for Patients with Global Brachial Plexus Injury Receiving Bionic Reconstruction
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Exploring phantom phenomena following brachial plexus block in intact limbs.

Emily Pettersen1, Giacomo Valle2, Paolo Sassu3

  • 1Center for Advanced Reconstruction of Extremities, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Brain Research
|September 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with temporary nerve blocks experience phantom limb sensations and pain similar to amputees. This suggests brachial plexus nerve blocks are a useful model for studying and treating phantom limb pain.

Keywords:
AmputationBrachial plexus blockDeafferentationPLPPLSPhantom limb painPhantom limb sensationsPhantom movementsPhantom phenomenaTelescoping

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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Clinical Studies

Background:

  • Phantom limb sensations (PLS) and phantom limb pain (PLP) are common after limb loss, significantly impacting quality of life.
  • The underlying mechanisms of PLP are not fully understood, hindering effective treatment development.
  • Current research on phantom phenomena is limited by small sample sizes and a lack of objective pain metrics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if phantom experiences occur in individuals with intact limbs using a brachial plexus nerve block.
  • To compare phantom phenomena in this model to those reported by amputees.
  • To explore the potential of brachial plexus nerve block as a model for studying PLP.

Main Methods:

  • A phenomenological study involving 14 participants undergoing brachial plexus nerve block for surgery.
  • Participants reported on phantom experiences (vividness, quality, position, telescoping, movements, pain) at four time points.
  • Findings were compared to existing data from the amputation population.

Main Results:

  • 93% of participants reported phantom limb sensations (PLS) within 20-40 minutes of anesthesia.
  • Common PLS qualities included tingling, heaviness, and warmth.
  • Distorted limb position, telescoping, and phantom movements were reported, similar to amputees, but distorted positions were not painful.

Conclusions:

  • Temporary sensorimotor deafferentation via brachial plexus nerve block induces phantom phenomena comparable to those in limb loss.
  • This model offers a promising avenue for investigating PLP mechanisms.
  • Brachial plexus nerve block serves as a potential test bed for developing new PLP treatments.