Radiological approach to emergent ocular and orbital pathology: a visual review

Emergent ocular and orbital conditions encompass a wide spectrum of potentially vision-threatening pathologies. A structured approach based on orbital anatomy and pathophysiologic mechanisms enhances diagnostic accuracy and supports appropriate clinical decision-making. This pictorial review highlights key CT and MRI findings in infectious, inflammatory, traumatic, and vascular orbital emergencies, emphasizing relevant anatomical landmarks, critical imaging signs, and common diagnostic pitfalls. By recognizing characteristic imaging patterns radiologists can play a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of acute orbital pathology.