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Related Concept Videos

RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Subviral Agents01:29

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Screening and Identification of RNA Silencing Suppressors from Secreted Effectors of Plant Pathogens
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Antiviral Double-Stranded RNA Sensing Immunity in Plants.

Manfred Heinlein1

  • 1Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France;

Annual Review of Virology
|September 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant viruses cause diseases by replicating inside cells and moving through plasmodesmata (PD). Plants defend using RNA silencing, RNA decay, and pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), but viruses have evolved counter-strategies.

Keywords:
RNA silencingpattern-triggered immunityplantplasmodesmatarecognitionvirus

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Area of Science:

  • Plant pathology
  • Molecular biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Plant viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens causing significant agricultural losses.
  • Viral replication and cell-to-cell movement rely on host cell machinery, including plasmodesmata (PD).
  • Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a viral replication intermediate, elicits plant immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the plant antiviral defense mechanisms: RNA silencing, RNA decay, and pattern-triggered immunity (PTI).
  • To explore the interrelationships between these defense pathways.
  • To discuss viral strategies for overcoming host defenses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of plant-virus interactions and host immune responses.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying RNA silencing, RNA decay, and PTI.
  • Examination of viral effector proteins and their roles in subverting host immunity.

Main Results:

  • RNA silencing and RNA decay target viral RNA to inhibit replication.
  • PTI targets plasmodesmata (PD) to restrict cell-to-cell movement.
  • Viruses encode effector proteins to counteract these defense mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Plant antiviral immunity involves complex, interconnected pathways.
  • Viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to evade or suppress host defenses.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing durable disease resistance in plants.