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Category learning difficulties in ADHD across modalities and multiple learning systems.

Casey L Roark1, Yael Ben-Anat2, Yafit Gabay3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|September 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show impaired auditory and visual category learning. These deficits correlate with ADHD symptom severity and slower strategy adoption, indicating domain-general learning system disruptions.

Keywords:
ADHDCategory learningModalityProcedural learningReinforcement learning

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to prefrontal cortex and striatum dysfunction.
  • This dysfunction may impair perceptual category acquisition, crucial for object recognition and speech perception.
  • Adult ADHD learning processes are understudied compared to childhood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate auditory and visual category learning in adults with ADHD versus neurotypical controls.
  • Examine rule-based (prefrontal cortex-dependent) and information-integration (striatum-dependent) category structures.
  • Assess the impact of ADHD on learning strategy adoption and its relation to symptom severity.

Main Methods:

  • Compared category learning in adults with ADHD and neurotypical controls across auditory and visual modalities.
  • Utilized rule-based and information-integration category tasks.
  • Employed computational modeling to analyze learning strategy adoption.

Main Results:

  • Adults with ADHD exhibited impairments in both rule-based and information-integration category learning.
  • Category learning deficits were observed across both sensory modalities.
  • Poorer performance was associated with higher ADHD symptom severity.
  • Computational models revealed slower adoption of optimal strategies in adults with ADHD.

Conclusions:

  • Adults with ADHD demonstrate broad deficits in perceptual category learning, affecting multiple learning systems.
  • These impairments extend across sensory modalities and are linked to domain-general mechanism disruptions.
  • Findings highlight the impact of ADHD on cognitive functions beyond childhood.