Biomimetic Magnetic Nanovesicles ("Magnetic Liposomes"): Current Synthesis Approaches and Biomedical Applications

Magnetic liposomes (MLs) are hybrid nanovesicles that combine the biocompatibility of lipid bilayers with the remote controllability of superparamagnetic nanoparticles. To the best of our knowledge, no prior review has systematically covered the literature on MLs published between 2020 and 2024, with a special focus on continuous-flow microfluidic synthesis. Here, we consolidate and critically assess recent advances in MLs' structural design, highlight remaining challenges, and propose future directions for clinical translation. MLs, as one of the types of biomimetic magnetic nanovesicles, are considered promising nanocarriers for biomedical applications. These applications include active drug targeting to specific tissues, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic hyperthermia, controlled release, and other applications. This review aims to comprehensively classify current knowledge on the main structural types of MLs and their traditional (batch) and modern (continuous-flow) synthesis methods. The current advantages and potential challenges of microfluidics- based MLs synthesis are described. Detailed information on the variants of microfluidicsbased techniques is provided, along with examples and potential biomedical applications. For the main aspects of MLs synthesis and applications, schematic illustrations are provided. Finally, an outlook on the perspectives of further MLs development and applications is presented.