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Olfaction

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity

A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity

Published on: May 7, 2017

Olfactory Bulb Pinprick Induction of Cortical Spreading Depolarizations.

Muhammed Miran Öncel^1,2, Michael J Dora^1,2, Lydia Hawley^1,2

¹Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|September 26, 2025

Summary

A novel, non-invasive method using olfactory bulb needle insertion reliably induces cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) in rodents. This technique avoids cortical injury, offering a valuable tool for neurological disease research.

Keywords:

OIS imaging cortical spreading depolarization

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Published on: May 23, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neurology
Physiology

Background:

Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is a key event in neurological diseases like stroke and migraine.
Existing CSD induction methods are invasive, risking cortical damage.
Optogenetic methods require genetic modification, limiting accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel, non-invasive method for inducing CSD in rodents.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of olfactory bulb needle insertion for CSD induction.
To compare this new method with traditional KCl application.

Main Methods:

Induction of CSD via olfactory bulb needle insertion in rodents.
Comparison with potassium chloride (KCl)-induced CSD in the same animals.
Confirmation of CSD using optical intrinsic signal imaging and histological analysis.

Main Results:

Olfactory bulb needle insertion successfully induced CSD in all attempts (18/18).
Histological analysis suggests CSD propagation from the olfactory bulb to the cortex.
The method proved non-invasive to the cortex, preserving its integrity.

Conclusions:

Olfactory bulb needle insertion is a reliable and non-invasive technique for CSD induction in rodents.
This method is suitable for studies prioritizing cortical integrity.
It presents a valuable alternative for CSD research in neurological disease models.